Clinical Design

MICROBIOLOGY

GOAL:

The broad goal of the teaching of undergraduate students tin Microbiology is it provide an understanding of the natural history of infectious disease in order to deal with the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and control of infections in the community.

OBJECTIVES:

KNOWLEDGE:

At the end of the course, the student shall be able to :

• State the infective micro-organisms of the human body and describe the host parasite relationship;
• List pathogenic micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) and describe the pathogenesis of the diseases produced by them;
• State or indicate the modes of transmission of pathogenic and opportunistic organisms and their sources, including insect vectors responsible for transmission of infection;
• Describe the mechanisms of immunity to infections;
• Acquire knowledge on suitable antimicrobial agents for treatment of infections and scope of immunotherapy and different vaccines available for prevention of communicable diseases;
• Apply methods of disinfection and sterilization to control and prevent hospital and community acquired infections;
• Recommend laboratory investigations regarding bacteriological examination of food, water and air

SKILLS :

At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:

• Plan and interpret laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of infections diseases and to correlate the clinical manifestations with the etiological agent;
• Identify the common infection agents with the help of laboratory procedures and use antimicrobial sensitivity test to select suitable antimicrobial agents.
• Perform commonly employed bed-side tests for detection of infections agents such as blood film for malaria, filaria, gram staining and Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining and stool sample for ova cyst etc.

INTEGRATION:

The student shall understand infection diseases of national importance in relation to the clinical, therapeutic and preventive aspects.

COURSE CONTENTS

THEORY

1. INTRODUCTION

Must know

Morbidity and mortality data of infectious diseases prevalent in the country with reference to the National Health Programs and in the local geographic area.

Desirable to know

Significant milestones in the history of Microbiology

TOPIC: GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY (MI1.1-1.11)

No of competencies – 11

No of procedures requiring certification – 1

MI1.1 Describe the different causative agents of Infectious diseases, the methods used in their detection, and discuss the role of microbes in health and disease MI1.1.1Introduction to Infectious diseases

• Define: Health, Disease, infectious agents, commensalism, parasite, pathogen and Opportunistic pathogen.           
• Classify types of infections, Describe chain of infection
• Enumerate various types of medically important micro-organisms – bacteria, viruses, Parasites, fungi
• Differentiate between pathogen, commensals, and saprophyte.

MI1.1.2 Isolation & identification of bacteria

MI1.1.2.1 Describe the classification & morphology of bacteria

MI1.1.2.2 Describe general pathogenesis and general lab diagnosis of bacterial infections

MI1.1.2.3 Define, classify culture media, applications of culture media

• List out and describe different culture methods

MI1.1.2.4 Interpretation of various biochemical reactions

MI1.1.3 Introduction to virology

• Describe the classification & morphology of virus
• Describe general pathogenesis and general lab diagnosis of viral infections

MI1.1.4 Introduction to mycology

• Describe the classification & morphology of fungi .Describe general pathogenesis and general lab diagnosis of fungal infections.

MI1.1.5 Introduction to parasitology

• Describe the classification, morphology of parasites.
• Describe general pathogenesis and general lab diagnosis of parasitic infections

MI1.2 Perform and identify the different causative agents of Infectious diseases by Gram

Stain, ZN stain and stool routine microscopy

MI1.3 Describe the epidemiological basis of common infectious diseases

• Define: Epidemiology, Describe the various epidemiological patterns of infectious disease.
• Discuss the various microbial factors contributing to disease.
• Discuss the various sources and reservoirs of infections.
• Describe the various modes of transmission of infections.

MI1.4 Classify and describe the different methods of sterilization and disinfection. Discuss

the application of the different methods in the laboratory, in clinical and surgical practice

MI1.4.1Define: Sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, antiseptics, and decontamination.

• Classify & describe various methods of sterilization methods
• Discuss various methods of disinfection
• List out Testing of disinfectants. Discuss the application of the different methods in clinical and surgical practice.

MI1.5 Choose the most appropriate method of sterilization and disinfection to be used in

specific situations in the laboratory, in clinical and surgical practice

MI1.5.1 Classify the medical devices using Spaulding’s classification

• Classify disinfectants
• Define & applications of Fumigation, fogging
• Describe: Plasma sterilization
• Identify the most appropriate method of sterilization / disinfection in the given cases scenario.

MI1.6 Describe the mechanisms of drug resistance, and the methods of antimicrobial

Susceptibility testing and monitoring of antimicrobial therapy

 MI1.6.1 Describe the bacterial genetic structures

• Describe bacterial variation – mutation & gene transfer Describe the methods of gene transfer in bacteria
• Describe gene transfer by artificial methods.
• List out mechanism of action of antimicrobial agents

MI1.6.2 Define drug resistance, List out various mechanisms of antibacterial resistance.

MRSA, VRE, ESBL, MBL etc

• Define: Bacteriostatic, bactericidal, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions.
• List out and describe different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing
• Discuss MIC, broth dilution, agar dilution
• Describe principles of antibiotics selection and monitoring therapy

MI1.7 Describe the immunological mechanisms in health

MI1.7.1 Immunity

• Define & classify Immunity. Describe in detail all types of Immunity.
• Describe the role of vaccines in Immunity

MI1.7.2 Immune system – Describe structure and functions of immune system

MI1.7.3 Antigen & Immunoglobulin’s

• Define& classify Antigen. Describe characteristics of Antigens
• Define & classify Immunoglobulin’s
• (Antibody).
• Describe in detail all types of Antibody.

MI1.7.4 Complement system

• Describe components, general properties cascade and role of Complement system in health and disease

MI1.7.5 Antigen antibody reactions

• Define & classify antigen antibody reactions
• Discuss the principles of Ag -Ab reactions
• Describe the applications of Ag-Ab reactions in the diagnosis of diseases.
• Describe the approach to interpretation of Ag-Ab reaction in the diagnosis of diseases.

MI1.8 Describe the mechanisms of immunity and response of the host immune system to

Infections

MI1.8.1 Define & classify Immune response

• Describe humoral immune response – Primary response, Secondary response, Td response, T independent response, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies

MI1.8.2 Describe cell mediated immune response

• Cytokines, importance of CMI
• Differentiate humoral and cell mediated immune response
• Discuss the theories of immune response of humoral immunity

MI1.9 Discuss the immunological basis of vaccines and describe the Universal Immunisation schedule

• Classify & describe types of immunization
• Define & classify types of Vaccines
• Discuss advantages and disadvantages among different types of vaccines
• Describe National Immunization Schedule (India)
• Importance of passive immunization

MI1.10 Describe the immunological mechanisms in immunological disorder

(Hypersensitivity, autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency states) and discuss

The laboratory methods used in detection.

MI1.10.1 Hypersensitivity

• Define& classify Hypersensitivity reactions including Gel and Coombs classification
• Describe the mechanism, clinical features, laboratory evaluation and prevention of type I hypersensitivity
• Describe the mechanism, clinical features, laboratory evaluation and prevention of type II hypersensitivity
• Describe the mechanism, clinical features, laboratory evaluation and prevention of type III hypersensitivity
• Describe the mechanism, clinical features, laboratory evaluation and prevention of type IV hypersensitivity
• Discuss tuberculin test, patch test.

MI1.10.2 Autoimmunity

• Define & Describe mechanisms of Immunological tolerance
• Define & Describe various mechanisms of autoimmunity
• Describe various clinical manifestations of common autoimmune diseases
• Describe approach for laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases

MI1.10.3 Immunodeficiency

• Define & Classify immunodeficiency syndromes
• Describe various immunodeficiency syndromes.
• Discuss the laboratory methods used in detection of immunodeficiency diseases.

MI1.11 Describe the immunological mechanisms of transplantation and tumour immunity

• Transplantation immunity
• Define & Classify transplantation,
• Define & discuss the mechanism allograft rejection, prevention of rejection
• Histocompatibility antigens, MHC,
• Describe types of HLA typing
• Describe Graft – versus-host reaction

Tumour immunity

• Define Tumour antigen, immunological surveillance
• Describe immunosuppression.
• Describe immunotherapy in cancer

 TOPIC – CVS & BLOOD (MI2.1-2.7)

No of competencies- 7 No of procedures requiring certification -NIL

MI2.1 Describe the etiologic agents in rheumatic fever and their diagnosis Rheumatic fever

• Describe the immunological basis of rheumatic fever/ nonsuppurative diseases caused by streptococci
• Classify streptococcus
• Describe the morphology, pathogenesis, antigenic structures, toxin & virulence factors, clinical features, epidemiology of streptococcus pyogenes
• Discuss the serological test for diagnosis of rheumatic fever.
• Discuss the role of antibiotics in treatment and prevention of rheumatic fever.

MI2.2 Describe the classification etio-pathogenesis, clinical features and discuss the diagnostic modalities of Infective endocarditis

• Enumerate the organisms causing infective endocarditis
• Viridans Streptococcus, Coagulase negative Staph, HACEK group etc
• Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features of infective endocarditis.
• Discuss the approach to identify the causative organism.
• Discuss the importance of multiple sample collection.
• Discuss automated blood culture systems.

MI2.3 Identify the microbial agents causing Rheumatic Heart Disease & infective Endocarditis

• Identify bacteria by observing colony morphology, biochemical reactions
• Interpret antimicrobial susceptibility test.
• Define: Minimum Inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration.
• Discuss other test that can be used for diagnosis.

MI2.3.1 Define sepsis, septicaemia, bacteraemia, fungemia, viremia, parasitemia

• Describe etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis including prognostic markers and treatment of septicaemia

MI2.4 List the common microbial agents causing anemia. Describe the morphology, mode of infection and discuss the pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis and prevention and treatment of the common microbial agents causing Anemia

• List the common microbial agents causing anemia.
• Describe the morphology, of the common microbial agents causing anemia.
• Discuss the mode of infection, pathogenesis & clinical course of the common microbial agents causing anemia.
• Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of the common microbial agents causing anemia
• Discuss the treatment & prevention of the common microbial agents causing anemia.
• Infectious agents causing Iron deficiency, megaloblastic, haemolytic anaemia and anaemia of chronic infections,

MI2.5 Describe the etio- pathogenesis and discuss the clinical evolution and the laboratory diagnosis of kalaazar, malaria, filariasis and other common parasites prevalent in India

Introduction

• Classify parasites and enumerate parasites prevalent to India

MI2.5.1 Malaria

• Describe the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features of malarial parasite.
• Describe the treatment and prevention of malaria.

MI2.5.2 Leishmania

• Describe the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features of Leishmania.
• Describe the laboratory diagnosis for kalaazar
• Describe the treatment and prevention for kalaazar

MI2.5.3 Trypanosoma

• Describe the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features of Trypanosoma.
• Describe the laboratory diagnosis for sleeping sickness.
• Describe the treatment and prevention for sleeping sickness

MI2.5.4 Filarial worm

• Describe the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features of filarial worm.
• Describe the laboratory diagnosis for filarial worm.
• Describe the treatment and prevention for filarial worm.

MI2.5.5 Schistosomes

• Describe the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features of Schistosomes.
• Describe the laboratory diagnosis for schistosomiasis.
• Describe the treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis.

MI2.6 Identify the causative agent of malaria and filariasis

MI2.7 Describe the epidemiology, the etio- pathogenesis, evolution complications, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, prevention and the principles of management of HIV

MI2.7.1 Describe morphology, epidemiology, pathogenesis of HIV

• Describe clinical features of AIDS

MI2.7.2 Opportunistic infections in AIDS

MI2.7.3 Describe the immunological abnormalities in HIV infection

• Describe various methods of laboratory diagnosis of HIV
• Discuss applications of serological tests.
• Discuss laboratory monitoring of HIV infection
• Discuss the different approaches to the treatment of AIDS

MI2.7.4 Discuss NACO guidelines, strategies, pre-test counseling,

Post- test counseling

• Discuss NACO guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis

MI2.7.5 Describe various modes of transmission of HIV

MI2.7.6 Describe prophylactic measures in preventing HIV

Transmission Standard precautions, spill management etc

TOPIC: GASTROINTESTINAL & HEAPATOBILIARY SYSTEM (MI3.1-3.8)

No of competencies 8 No of procedures requiring certification – NIL

MI3.1. Enumerate the microbial agents causing diarrhea and dysentery. Describe the epidemiology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic modalities of these agents.

MI3.1.1-Introduction of gastrointestinal infections

• Brief structure and immunity of GIT
• Define diarrohea, dysentery
• Enumerate the various etiological agents of diarrhoea bacterial, viral , parasitic etc.
• Classify the etiological agents in different age groups, immunocompromised, immunocompetent individuals.
• Discuss the mode of transmission, the pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and laboratory diagnosis of diarrhoea

MI3.1.2 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of diarrheagenic E.coli,

MI3.1.3 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications,

Laboratory diagnosis, treatment & prophylaxis of Cholera

MI3.1.4 Antibiotic Associated Diarrhoea – Clostridium difficile

MI3.1.5 Viral gastroenteritis etiological agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis – Rota, Astro, Noro

MI3.1.6 Bacillary dysentery Define dysentery etiological agents, pathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of bacillary dysentery -Shigella.Y.enterocolitica

MI3.1.7 Amoebic dysentery Discuss the morphology, life cycle, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of Amoebic dysentery difference between amoebic and bacillary dysentery – E.histolytica

• Mention briefly about non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae

MI3.1.8 Etiological agents, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis of Diarrhoea in immunocompromised host- Giardiasis Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora, Giardia

MI3.1.9 Soil transmitted helminthic infections- Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichuris trichuira

MI3.2 Identify the common microbial agents causing diarrhoea and dysentery

MI3.3 Enteric fever Describe the enteric fever pathogens and discuss the evaluation of clinical course and the laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by them

• Define, mention the etiological agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever

MI3.4 Identify the different modalities for diagnosis of Enteric fever, choose the appropriate test related to the duration of illness.

MI3.5 Food poisoning Enumerate the causative agents of food poisoning and discuss the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis

• Definition, source, pathogenesis, classification of food poisoning etiological agents based on type of food and pathogenesis, clinical manifestation laboratory diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of food poisoning – Staphylococcus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfrinegens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella typhimurium, halophilic vibrios etc

MI 3.6 Acid Peptic disease Describe the etiopathogenesis of Acid peptic disease and the clinical course. Discus the diagnosis and management of the causative agent of Acid peptic disease.

• Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, complications laboratory diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Acid peptic disease – H.pylori

MI3.7 Viral hepatitis describes the epidemiology, the etio- pathogenesis and discusses the viral markers in the evolution of viral hepatitis. Discuss the modalities in the diagnosis and prevention of viral hepatitis

MI 3.7.1Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications and laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis Hepatitis A & E

MI 3.7. 2 Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of parenteral transmitted viral hepatitis -Hepatitis B

MI 3.7. 3 Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of parenteral transmitted viral hepatitis C & D

• Note on national programme National Viral Hepatitis Control & Prevention Programme(NVHCP)

TOPIC: INFECTIONS OF SKIN & MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (MI4.1-4.3)

No of competencies – 3 No of procedures requiring certification – NIL

MI4.1 – Enumerate the microbial agents causing anaerobic infections. Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical course and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic infections

MI4.1.1 Introduction to anaerobic infections

• List the normal anaerobic flora of human body.
• Enumerate and classify disease causing anaerobic bacteria with disease caused by them.
• Define Anaerobiasis. Describe the types of samples and collection methods for anaerobic culture. Describe the transport of specimen and culture of clinical samples for anaerobic culture. List the antibiotics used to treat anaerobic infections
• Classify Genus Clostridium. Describe the morphology of Genus Clostridium
• Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Gas gangrene.

MI4.1.2 Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Tetanus.

MI4.1.3 Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of botulism.

MI4.1.4 Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of pseudomembranous colitis.

MI4.1.5 Classification, diseases, laboratory diagnosis & treatment of infections caused by non sporing anaerobes

MI4.1.6 Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Actinomycosis & nocardiosis

MI4.2 – Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical course and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of bone & joint infections

• Classify bone & joint infections
• Enumerate the microorganisms causing infections of bone & joint (infectious arthritis, osteomyelitis and orthopaedic implant associated infections)
• Describe the etiopathogenesis & clinical course of bone & joint infections
• Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of bone & joint infections

MI4.3 – Describe the etiopathogenesis of infections of skin and soft tissue and discuss the clinical course and the laboratory diagnosis

MI4.3.1 Introduction to Skin & Soft Tissue Infections

• Describe the normal anatomy, innate immunity & commensals of skin
• Define folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, macule, papule, nodule, pustule, vesicle, scales, ulcer and bulla.
• List the various organisms causing skin and soft tissue infections – Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites
• Describe the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus
• Enumerate the etiological agents and laboratory diagnosis of post- operative wound infections & burns wound infection

MI4.3.2

• Describe the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of Leprosy
• Describe the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of Atypical mycobacterial infections

MI4.3.3 Enumerate viruses causing skin and soft tissue lesions. Discuss in detail Herpes viruses, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis

MI4.3.3a Viral exanthematous infections – Measles, Rubella, (Coxsackie, Pox, HPV, Molluscum, Hand foot mouth Disease)

MI4.3.4 List fungi causing superficial fungal diseases. Describe their clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis – Tinea versicolor, piedra, tinea nigra, dermatophytoses, Mucocutaneous candidiasis

MI4.3.5 subcutaneous mycosis – list the fungi causing subcutaneous mycosis. Describe the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous mycosis.- Sporotrichosis, Chromoblastomycoses, Rhinosporidiosis, entamophthoromycoses, mycetoma

MI4.3.6 Enumerate the tissue nematode parasites causing skin and soft tissue lesions with their clinical course and laboratory diagnosis- Filariasis, Onchocerca, Loa loa, Mansonella, Dracunculus, Trichinella and Larva migrans

MI4.3.7 Describe the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of Diabetic foot & cellulitis- Streptococcus & others

MI4.3.8 Describe the pathogenesis, clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous Anthrax

TOPIC: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS – (MI5.1-5.3)

No of competencies: (3) No of procedures that require certification: NIL

MI5.1 Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical course and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of meningitis

MI5.1.1 Describe normal structure of CNS and normal protective mechanisms

MI5.1.2 Define meningitis

MI5.1.3 Classify meningitis based on age group and duration

MI5.1.4. Enumerate the causative agents of meningitis and classify them based on age group affected, duration of disease and immune status

MI5.1.5. Describe general pathogenesis and clinical features of meningitis

MI5.1.6. Discuss the general approach to diagnosis of meningitis

MI5.1.7. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meningococcal meningitis

MI5.1.8. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pneumococcal meningitis

MI5.1.9. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meningitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae

MI5.1.10. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae

MI5.1.11. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Listeria meningitis

MI5.1.12. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of gram negative bacterial meningitis

MI5.1.13. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of tubercular meningitis

MI5.1.14. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meningitis caused by spirochetes

MI5.1.15. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of viral meningitis caused by Herpes viruses, Enteroviruses, Mumpsvirus, etc

MI5.1.16. Describe pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meningitis caused by fungi – Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida Spp., Coccidioides, Histoplasma, etc

MI5.2 Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical course and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of encephalitis

MI5.2.1. Define: Encephalitis

MI5.2.2. Classify Encephalitis

MI5.2.3. Enumerate the causative agents of Encephalitis

MI5.2.4. Describe general pathogenesis of encephalitis

MI5.2.5. Describe the clinical presentation of Encephalitis

MI5.2.6. Discuss the approach to diagnosis of viral Encephalitis

MI5.2.7. Describe morphology of polio virus. Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of poliomyelitis

MI5.2.8. Describe morphology of rabies virus. Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of rabies

MI5.2.9. Describe etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of slow viral infections

MI5.2.10. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and approach to diagnosis of parasitic meningitis and Encephalitis

MI5.2.11. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and approach to diagnosis of brain abscess

MI5.2.12. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and approach to diagnosis of cystic brain lesion- neurocysticercosis, hydatid disease of brain

MI5.3 Identify the microbial agents causing meningitis

MI5.3.1. Analyse clinical features, interpret laboratory test results provided to diagnose the clinical condition and identify the causative microorganism.

MI5.3.2 Describe normal ranges of common CSF parameters

MI5.3.3. Interpret abnormal results of CSF analysis report provided.

MI5.3.4 Demonstrate CSF collection in a mannequin

TOPIC: RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS MI6.1-6.3

No of Competency-3 No of procedures require Certification-2

Competency MI6.1 Describe the etio-pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of                                     Infections of upper and lower respiratory tract

MI6.1.1 Describe the structure respiratory system and role of immunity in respiratory system

MI6.1.2 Discuss the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of rhinitis

MI6.1.3 Discuss the classification, etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of otitis

MI6.1.4 Discuss the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of sinusitis

MI6.1.5 Discuss the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of pharyngitis, tonsillitis

MI6.1.6 Discuss the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis

MI6.1.7 Define & classify pneumonia. Enumerate the etiological agents of pneumonia general laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of pneumonia

MI6.1.8 Discuss pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia- pneumococci

MI6.1.9 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of hospital acquired pneumonia-Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Legionella

MI6.1.10 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of ventilator associated pneumonia- Acinetobacter

MI6.1.11 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of atypical pneumonia- Mycoplasma, Chlamydia

MI6.1.12 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections – Adeno, RSV, EBV

MI6.1.13 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of viral pneumonia – Influenza virus, SARS -corona

MI6.1.14 Enumerate the etiological agents, pathogenesis, epidemiology clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised host-Pneumocystis jirovecii, CMV

MI6.1.15 Describe the epidemiology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features complications, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of pulmonary tuberculosis

MI6.1.16 Discuss the importance of MDR TB, RNTCP HIV TB co-infection

MI6.1.17 Define and classify the atypical mycobacteria discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features, complications and treatment of pulmonary atypical mycobacterial infection

MI6.1.18 Discuss the general characters of dimorphic fungi. Discuss the mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications and laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary mycosis-Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Paracoccidiodies

MI6.1.19 Discuss mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features laboratory diagnosis of aspergillosis

MI6.1.20 Parasites affecting lung – Paragonimus westermanii (non-core), Loefflers syndrome, amoebic lung abscess

MI6.1.21 Discuss the immunoprophylaxis for respiratory tract infections

MI6.2 Identify the common etiologic agents of upper respiratory tract infections (Gram Stain)

MI 6.2.1 Describe the method of sample collection and transportation

MI 6.2.2 Explain the steps of gram’s staining procedure

MI 6.2.3 Do the grams staining procedure

MI 6.2.4 Observe the stained smear

MI 6.2.5 Interpret and Report the staining results

MI6.3 Identify the common etiologic agents of lower respiratory tract infections (Gram Stain & Acid fast stain)

MI 6.3.1 Enumerate the organisms causing LRTI

MI 6.3.2 Describe the method of sample collection

MI 6.3.3 Recap the Gram’s staining procedure and repetition

MI 6.3.4 Explain the Acidfast staining procedure

MI 6.3.5 Perform the Acid fast staining procedure

MI 6.3.6 Interpret and Report the staining results

Topic: – Genitourinary & sexually transmitted infections (MI7.1-7.3)

No of competencies – 3 No of procedures requiring certification – NIL

MI 7.1 – Describe the etiopathogenesis and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of infections of genitourinary system

MI 7.1.1Describe the normal anatomy and innate defense mechanisms in the male and female genital tract

MI 7.1.2 Enumerate the various infections of genitourinary tract

MI 7.1.3 Describe the etiology and pathogenesis of genitourinary tract infections in general

MI 7.1.4 Discuss the clinical features, sample collection and laboratory diagnosis of genitourinary infections in general

MI 7.1.5 Discuss the effect/ complications of genitourinary infections in pregnancy (Maternal & fetal)

MI 7.2 – Describe the etiopathogenesis and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Recommend preventive measures

MI 7.2.1 Enumerate the bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic agents causing Sexually Transmitted infections

MI 7.2.2 Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of pathogens causing ulcerative lesions in the genital tract (Syphilis, Haemophilus ducreyi, LGV, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Herpes Virus)

MI 7.2.3 Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of pathogens causing Urethral syndrome/ white discharge per vagina (Gonococci, Candida spp, Trichomonas vaginalis, Bacterial vaginosis)

MI 7.2.4 Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Mycoplasma spp

MI 7.2.5 Describe non gonococcal urethritis. Enumerate the agents causing the same

MI 7.2.6 Differentiate between bacterial vaginosis & bacterial vaginitis

MI 7.2.7 Discuss the various measure for prevention of Sexually Transmitted infections

MI 7.2.8 Discuss the importance of confidentiality in reporting Sexually transmitted diseases

MI 7.2.9 Discuss the role of counselling in management of Sexually transmitted diseases

MI 7.2.10 Enumerate the pathogens causing congenital infections. Discuss the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of these infections.

MI 7.3 – Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, the appropriate method for specimen collection and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of Urinary tract infections

MI 7.3.1 Describe the normal anatomy, physiology and Innate defense mechanisms of the urinary tract

MI 7.3.2 Mention the types of Urinary tract infections (upper and lower)

MI 7.3.3 Mention the causative agents of urinary tract infection

MI 7.3.4 Enumerate the predisposing factors in Urinary Tract infections

MI 7.3.5 Discuss the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection

MI 7.3.6 Discuss the clinical features of Urinary tract infections (Difference between upper and lower urinary tract infections)

MI 7.3.7 Describe the methods of collection of urine from infant, adult men/women, and catheterized patients

MI 7.3.8 Discuss the concept of significant bacteriuria

MI 7.3.9 Discuss about asymptomatic bacteriuria & conditions these are seen

MI 7.3.10 Describe about sterile pyuria and enumerate the disease causing sterile pyuria

MI 7.3.11 Define Catheter associated urinary tract infection. Enumerate the predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CAUTI

MI 7.3.12 Discuss the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Urinary tract infections

TOPIC- ZOONOTIC DISEASES & MISCELLANEOUS

(MI8.1-8.16)

No of competencies -16 No of procedures require certification-1

MI8.1 Enumerate the microbial agents and their vectors causing Zoonotic diseases. Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention

Introduction -Define zoonotic infections. Enumerate organisms causing zoonotic infections in man and the mode of transmission/vectors transmitting them

MI8.1.1 Anthrax-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention of Anthrax

MI8.1.2 Plague- Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention plague

MI8.1.3 Brucellosis-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention brucellosis

MI8.1.4 Leptospirosis-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention leptospirosis

MI 8.1.5 Rickettsia- Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention Rickettsial and miscellaneous zoonoses

MI8.1.6 Arboviral-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention of Arboviral infections-Dengue, chikungunya, KFD

MI8.1.7 Toxoplasma & Balantidium-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention of toxoplasmosis & balantidiasis

MI1.8.8Taeniasis-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention of taeniasis

MI1.8.9 Hydatid disease-Describe the morphology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and discuss the clinical course laboratory diagnosis and prevention of hydatid cyst disease MI1.8.10 Rabies-Describe morphology of Rabies virus. Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of rabies

MI8.2 Describe the etio-pathogenesis of Opportunistic Infections (OI) and discuss the factors contributing to the occurrence of OI, and the laboratory diagnosis

• Define opportunistic infections
• Enumerate organisms causing opportunistic infections
• Discuss factors contributing to development of opportunistic infections

Viral agents

• Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of viral opportunistic infections – Herpse group, human papilloma virus,

Fungal OI

• Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of candidiasis
• Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of Cryptococcosis
• Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of mucormycosis

Parasitic OI

• Describe pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of opportunistic parasitic infections – coccidian intestinal parasitic infections, strongyloidiasis

MI8.3 Describe the role of oncogenic viruses in the evolution of virus associated malignancy

• Define oncogenic viruses
• Enumerate oncogenic viruses
• Describe pathogenesis of viral oncogenesis
• Describe laboratory diagnosis of oncogenic viral infections
• Describe methods of prevention of oncogenic viral infections

MI8.4 Describe the etiologic agents of Emerging Infectious diseases.

• Discuss the clinical course and diagnosis
• Define emerging infectious agents.
• Enumerate agents causing emerging infections
• Describe factors contributing to emerging infections.
• Discuss clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of emerging infections
• Describe the Indian scenario of emerging infectious agents

MI8.5 Define Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI) and enumerate the types. Discuss the factors that contribute to the development of HAI and the methods for prevention

• Define Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI)
• Enumerate the types of HAI
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the development of and methods to prevent catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the development of and methods to prevent central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI)
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the development of and methods to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Discuss the factors that contribute to the development of and methods to prevent surgical site infection (SSI)
• Describe principles and application of antibiotic stewardship

MI8.6 Describe the basics of PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT (Infection control)

• Define Standard precautions
• List the components of Standard precautions
• Describe the various transmission-based precautions.
• Describe the constitution and functions of HICC.
• Define Biomedical waste
• Classify biomedical waste and describe methods of segregation, decontamination and disposal of each type as per biomedical waste management rule
• Describe appropriate management of needle stick injury in healthcare setting
• Manage bio-spill
• Describe vaccines those are useful in healthcare workers

MI8.7 Demonstrate Pandemic management (Infection control) practices and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

MI8.8 Describe the methods used and significance of assessing the microbial contamination of food, water and air

• Describe the methods used and significance of assessing the microbial contamination of food.
• Describe the methods used and significance of assessing the microbial contamination of water.
• Describe the methods used and significance of assessing the microbial contamination of air.

MI8.9 Discuss the appropriate method of collection of samples in the performance of laboratory tests in the detection of microbial agents causing Pandemic (infectious diseases)

• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of lower respiratory infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of CVS and blood stream infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of infections of skin and soft tissues
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of infections eye, nose and ear
• Discuss methods of sample collection for laboratory diagnosis of genitourinary infections

 MI8.10 Demonstrate the appropriate method of collection of samples in the performance of laboratory tests in the detection of microbial agents causing Pandemic (Infectious diseases)

MI8.11 Demonstrate respect for patient samples sent to the laboratory for performance of laboratory tests in the detection of microbial agents causing Infectious diseases

MI8.12 Discuss confidentiality pertaining to patient identity in laboratory results

• Discuss the rights and responsibility of patients
• Discuss the rights and responsibility of laboratory with respect to confidentiality of     laboratory results
• Discuss the ethical issues involved in confidentiality pertaining to patient identity.
• Discuss the medico legal consequences of breach in confidentiality

MI8.13 Choose the appropriate laboratory test in the diagnosis of the infectious disease

• Identify the clinical condition based on the history provided.
• Choose the appropriate laboratory tests in the diagnosis of given infectious disease.
• Justify why a particular laboratory test was chosen to diagnose a given infectious disease

MI8.14 Demonstrate confidentiality pertaining to patient identity in laboratory results

• Demonstrate the understanding of importance of confidentiality with respect to patient’s
• laboratory test results
• Identify situations where confidentiality needs to be maintained regarding patient’s
• laboratory test results and where it can be bypassed
• Demonstrate confidentiality pertaining to patient identity in laboratory results.
• Counsel the patient about the test results in simulated setting

    MI8.15 Choose and Interpret the results of the laboratory tests used in diagnosis of the      infectious diseases

• Choose appropriate laboratory test(s) in the diagnosis of the infectious disease based on the case scenario and the order in which they need to be performed, if applicable
• Interpret the results of the laboratory tests used in diagnosis of the given infectious disease scenario 3.

MI8.16 Describe the National Health Programs in the prevention of common infectious      disease (for information purpose only as taught in CM)

• Enumerate all the National Health Programs regarding common infectious diseases in India
• Describe the goals of the various National Health Programs in the prevention of common infectious disease.
• Describe laboratory diagnostic tools used in the National Programs related to infectious diseases
• Describe general immunoprphylactic and chemo prophylactic measures used in the National Programs related to infectious diseases

OSPE

• Hand hygiene and selection; Donning & doffing of PPE for a given 3 different situation (Thrice)
• Segregate biomedical waste as per BMW2016 rules
• Collection of throat swab, nasopharyngeal swab in simulated situation
• Collection of peripheral venous blood for culture in simulated situation
• Collection of wound swab and pus sample in simulated situation
• Instruct sample collection procedure (sputum, urine, stool, for culture)
• skin scraping, hair clippings and nail samples) collection procedure independently in a     simulated setting

AETCOM

• Demonstrating respect to patient samples -OSPE (AETCOM)
• Advice a HCW with needle stick injury in complete and correct sequence in a simulated      setting – AETCOM
• Instruct a ward boy – how to manage bio-spill in a simulated setting (AETCOM)

SKILLS

Must know

1. Perform and interpret Gram’s stain and Ziehl-Neelsen or modified ZiehlNeelsen’s stain.
2. Do cell counts and gram stain of CSF and other body fluids.
3. Interpret blood smear for parasites like malaria and filaria.
4. Interpret antimicrobial sensitivity reports.
5. Interpret serological tests such as VDRL, ASLO, WIDAL, HIV, Rheumatoid factor, hepatitis and TORCH infections
6. Be able to collect and transports following clinical samples for microbiological tests: Blood, pus, urine, CSF, body fluids, stool, sputum, throat swabs and serum.
7. Adopt universal precautions for self-precaution against HIV and hepatitis.

TEACHING HOURS

THEORY

No. of hours of teaching: 120 hrs.

1. Introduction To Microbiology and General Bacteriology: 10 hrs.
2. Immunology: 20 hrs.
3. Systematic Bacteriology: 35 hrs.
4. Virology: 20 hrs.
5. Mycology: 05 hrs.
6. Parasitology: 25 hrs.
7. Applied Microbiology: 05 hrs.

PRACTICAL

PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN MICROBIOLOGY

The students would perform the following procedures:

1. Gram stain,
2. ZiehlNeelsen stain,
3. Modified ZiehlNeelsen stain,
4. Albert stain,
5. Hanging drop,
6. Wet mount for stool examination,
7. Iodine mount for stool examination,
8. Lactophenol cotton blue mount for fungus examination,
9. Simple stain

MICROSCOPE

• Principles and use of compound Microscope in detail
• Dark ground Microscope
• Fluorescent Microscope
• Phase Contrast Microscope
• Electron Microscope

STERILIZATION

Principle, Uses and Demonstration of common sterilization equipment namely, Autoclave, Hot Air Oven, Serum Inspissator, Arnold Steriliser, Filters.

III. CULTURE MEDIA :

Classification of culture media, Principles, main ingredients and uses of common culture media.

Namely-Peptone water, Nutrient Broth, Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar, Chocolate agar, Mac Conkey, Wilson Blair, TCBS, LJ, Potassium telluride, Dorset egg, Loeffler’s serum slope, RCM, milk agar, Selenite F-broth, Blood culture broth.

Media for Biochemical reaction – Sugar Fermentation, Urease, Citrate, Indole

Media with growth of common organisms for demonstration namely Staphylococci, C. diphtheria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella on W.B., Vibrio on TCBS, Mac-Conkey with LF & NLF, Milk Agar with Staphylococci, Proteus on Nutrient Agar.

Antibiotic sensitivity – methods & principles.

STAINING AND HANGING DROP:

1) Demonstration of motility by hanging drops method.

2) Gram Stain

3) ZN Stain

PARASITOLOGY :

Examination of faeces for helminthic Eggs, (Round worm, hook Worm, Whip Worm, H. nana)

APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY :

Demonstration of specimen collection.

Growth on appropriate media Biochemical reactions.

Appropriate special tests for the lab-diagnosis of common infectious diseases. Namely:

1. Pyogenic Infection
2. Enteric Fever
3. Bacillary Dysentery
4. Cholera
5. T.I.
6. Infantile Diarrhea
7. Tuberculosis

VII. DEMONSTRATION OF SEROLOGICAL TEST :

WidalTest, VDRL, ELISA.

VIII. DEMONSTRATION OF FUNGUS:

Growth, Slide mounts of common fungi, Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Dermatophytes (one or two)

USES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS:

Rabbit, Guinea Pig & Mouse

DEMONSTRATION OF SLIDES & INSTRUMENTS

MEDIA & SPECIMENS

(DEMONSTRATION) The following procedures are only for demonstration. Students will interpret results, but need not perform the procedure of tests.

Serological demonstration of – WIDAL, VDRL.Haemagglutination, Haemagglutination inhibition, Complement fixation test, Viral Haemagglutination, ELISA.

XII. INTEGRATED TEACHING:

1. Enteric fever
2. Cholera
3. HIV & AIDS
4. Tuberculosis
5. Hospital infection & Control Measures
6. Malarias

The following materials are to be procured for the conduct of practical classes.

SLIDES

1. Staphylococci
2. Streptococci
3. Gonococci
4. tuberculosis
5. Leprae
6. diphtheriae
7. pallidum
8. tetani
9. Negative Staining (Pneumococci)
10. Malarial Parasite
11. Microfilaria
12. Cyclops 1
13. Hydatid cyst wall
14. Negri Bodies
15. Molluscumcontagiosum
16. Rhinosporidiosis
17. Candida
18. Cryptococcus
19. Aspergillus
20. Penicillium
21. Mucor/Rhizopus
22. Pneumococci – Gram stain
23. pestis
24. Mycetoma – H & E Stain
25. Cestode – Segment

MEDIA

Without Growth

1. Peptone Water
2. Nutrient broth
3. Nutrient agar
4. Blood agar
5. Chocolate agar
6. Mac-Conkey agar
7. Wilson & Blair medium
8. C.B.S.
9. J. Medium
10. Robertson Cooked meat medium
11. Milk agar
12. Selenite F Broth
13. Blood culture Broth
14. Dorset egg medium
15. Loeffler’s Serum Slope.

With Growth

1. Staphylococcus – albus, aureus on Nutrient agar
2. Staphylococcus – albus, aureus on milk agar
3. Potassium tellurite medium with C. diphtheria
4. J. with M. tuberculosis
5. Mac Conkey with LF & NLF
6. Wilson & Blair with growth
7. TCBS with growth
8. Proteus – on Nutrient agar or on Blood agar
9. Sugar fermentation – Indole – Negative & Positive
10. Urease – Negative & Positive
11. Citrate – Negative & Positive
12. Sabouraud’s glucose agar with Candida / Aspergillius
13. Sabouraud’s glucose agar with any Dermatophyte.

LIST OF INSTRUMENTS

1. Seitz filter
2. Candle filter
3. Macntoshfilde’s jar
4. VDRL slide
5. Widal rack with tubes
6. Staphylococcus
7. Tuberculin syringe
8. Microtitre plate
9. Inoculation loop
10. Pasteur Pipette

List of Specimens

1. Roundworm
2. Hookworm
3. Whipworm
4. Tapeworm
5. Hydatid Cyst
6. Embryonated Egg
7. Sucking Mouse
8. Guinea Worm

TERM WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THEORY PORTIONS

3rd TERM: GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY & SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY (COCCI)

4th TERM: REMAINING SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY & PROTOZOOLOGY

5th TERM: HELMINTHOLOGY, VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (Recent Editions)

1. Ananthanarayan: (Ananthanarayan and JayaramPaniker’s) Textbook of Microbiology, Et. & Orient Longman Ltd., Chennai.
2. Jawetz (Melnick) et al, Medical Microbiology, ed. Z Appleton and Lange, USA. 3. Zinsser (Joklik and Willett) et. Al, Microbiology, Appleton and Lange, USA.
3. Chatterjee (KDC), Parasitology, Chatterjee Medical Publishers, Calcutta.
4. Paniker (C.K. Jayaram), Text book of Medical Parasitology, Jaypee, New Delhi.
5. Bhatia and Ichhpujani, Essential of Medical Microbiology, Jaypee, New Delhi.
6. ESSNTIALS OF MICROBIOLOGY BY DR.APURBA SASTRY

REFERENCE BOOKS:
LEVEL – I

1. Green wood, Medical Microbiology, Ed-15, Churchill Livingstone.
2. Roitt (Ivan.M), Essential Immunology, Ed.6, ELBS, Hong Kong.
3. MIMS (Cedric, Playfair) et al, Pathogenesis of Infectious diseases, Academic Press, London.
4. RIPPON, Medical Mycology, Ed.2, W.B. Saunder’s and Co.
5. KONEMAN (Allen and Janda et al), Diagnostic Microbiology, J.B. Lippincott Co.
6. BELLANTI, Immunology, Ed.3, W.B. Saunder’s and Company.

LEVEL – II

1. BALOWS, Manual of clinical Microbiology, ASM, Washington DC.
2. STITES (Terr and Parslow), Medical Immunology, Appleton and Lange USA.
3. ROITT (Brostoff and Male), Immunology, Mosby, London.
4. EMMONS (Binford) et al, Medical Mycology, K.M. Varghese Co., Bombay.
5. MANSON-BARR (BELL), Monson’s Tropical diseases, ELBS. 6. BEAVER, (Jung and Corpp), Clinical Parasitology.

LEVEL III

1. TOPELY AND WILSON – Principles of Bacteriology, Virology, Immunity, Edward Arnold.
2. BERGEY’S manual, (Holt and Kreig) et al, Determinative bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins, Maryland, USA.
3. Roitt, Encyclopedia of Immunology, Academic Press Ltd., London
4. HOEPRICH, Infectious diseases, Harper and Row Publishers, Philadelphia.
5. MENDELL (DonerglasAanBenett), Principles and Practice of Infections diseases, Churchill Livingstone.

DIAGNOSIS MICROBIOLOGY

1. BAILEY AND SCOTT, Diagnostic Microbiology, Mosby Publishers
2. MACKIE & MACCARTNEY – Vol II (Collee&Duguid) et al, Churchill Livingstone.
3. Clinical Microbiology procedures Handbook, Henry D. et al, ASM.
4. COWAN & STEEL (Barrow & Feltham), Manual for the identification of medical bacteria, Cambridge University Press.
5. STOKES (Ridgeway & Wren), Clinical Microbiology, Edward Arnold, London.
6. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology, WHO, Vandepitte et al, Jaypee.
7. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Medical Parasitology, WHO, Vandepitte et al, Jaypee. 8. COLLINS & Lyne, Microbiological Methods, Butterworth – Heinemann Ltd.

Competencies:

The undergraduate learner demonstrates:

• Understanding of role of microbial agents in health and disease
• Understanding of the immunological mechanisms in health and disease.
• Ability to correlate the natural history, mechanisms and clinical manifestations of infectious diseases as they relate to the properties of microbial agents.
• Knowledge of the principles and application of infection control measures.
• An understanding of the basis of choice of laboratory diagnostic tests and their interpretation, antimicrobial therapy, control and prevention of infectious diseases.
• Knowledge of outbreak investigation and its control.

Broad subject specific objectives

At the end of the course the student will be able to:

• Explain how the different microorganisms can cause human infection.
• Understand commercial, opportunistic and pathogenic organisms and describe host parasite relationship.
• Describe the characteristics (morphology, cultural characteristics, resistance, virulence factors, incubation period, mode of transmission etc.) of different microorganisms.
• Explain the various Défense mechanisms of the host against the microorganisms which can cause human infection.
• Describe the laboratory diagnosis of microorganisms causing human infections and disease.
• Describe the prophylaxis for the particular infecting microorganisms

Skills

At the end of the course the student shall be able to:

• Plan the laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
• Perform laboratory procedures to arrive at the etiological diagnosis of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites including the drug sensitivity profile.
• Perform and interpret immunological and serological tests.
• Operate routine and sophisticated instruments in the laboratory.
• Develop microteaching skills and Pedagogy
• Successfully implement the chosen research methodology

Integration:

The teaching should be aligned and integrated horizontally and vertically in organ systems with emphasis on host-microbe-environment interactions and their alterations in disease and clinical correlations so as to provide an overall understanding of the etiological agents, their laboratory diagnosis and prevention.

Teaching hours